Understand your lab vocabulary.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D — lab reference

Not a routine vitamin D status test. Ask your clinician to read this result with calcium, phosphorus, kidney function, and PTH.

17-hydroxyprogesterone — lab reference

Female follicular <80; luteal <285; postmeno <51. Morning timing and stimulation testing may be needed.

2-hour glucose, 75 g OGTT — lab reference

Normal <140; prediabetes 140-199; diabetes ≥200.

24-hour urine protein — lab reference

Collection completeness must be assessed.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

25-hydroxyvitamin D, total — lab reference

<10 severe deficiency; 10-19 mild-moderate deficiency. Toxicity assessment requires clinical context.

8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) — lab reference

Urine/plasma method, creatinine correction, collection timing, and assay matter.

Absolute basophils — lab reference

Your lab may use a different range.

Absolute eosinophils — lab reference

Allergy, parasitic disease, medication reaction, and adrenal status may matter.

Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) — lab reference

Age, infection, immune status, and medications affect interpretation.

Absolute monocytes — lab reference

Your lab may use a different range.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) — lab reference

Clinical action thresholds differ from statistical reference intervals.

ACTH, morning — lab reference

Your clinician may request a morning sample, collected and handled in a particular way, alongside a cortisol test.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) — lab reference

Reagent-specific. Heparin monitoring may use different targets or anti-Xa.

Albumin — lab reference

Inflammation, hydration, liver synthesis, renal loss, and nutrition affect result.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Albumin/globulin ratio — lab reference

Calculated; interpret component values.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Aldosterone — lab reference

Sodium intake, posture, potassium, time, medications, and renin method are essential.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Aldosterone-renin ratio — lab reference

Screening cutoff depends on units, method, medications, potassium, and collection protocol.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) — lab reference

Age, bone turnover, liver source, pregnancy, and isoenzymes affect interpretation.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

ALT — lab reference

The test method matters. Healthy-population upper limits may be lower than many commercial ranges.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Amylase — lab reference

Not pancreas-specific; interpret with lipase and clinical presentation.

ANA screen — lab reference

A positive ANA requires titer, pattern, symptoms, and disease-specific antibody interpretation.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Androstenedione — lab reference

Assay-specific and age-dependent.

Anion gap — lab reference

Formula and albumin correction vary by laboratory. Ask your clinician to confirm whether potassium is included.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Anti-CCP — lab reference

Assay-specific; higher values may carry greater specificity.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) — lab reference

Ovarian reserve marker, not egg quality. PCOS and hormonal treatments may affect interpretation.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Antioxidant Protection Assay (APA) — lab reference

Your APA report defines its own protection categories. Ask how your result relates to your current health and other findings.

ApoB/ApoA-I ratio — lab reference

Approximate risk strata are sex-specific and assay-dependent.

Apolipoprotein A-I — lab reference

The test method matters. Ask your clinician to read this result with HDL and ApoB.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Apolipoprotein B — lab reference

90-99 above desirable; 100-119 borderline high; 120-139 high; ≥140 very high. Risk goals may be lower.

AST — lab reference

Muscle, liver, hemolysis, alcohol, exercise, and medication context matter.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Beta-hydroxybutyrate — lab reference

Fasting, ketogenic diets, illness, and diabetes context materially affect interpretation.

Bilirubin, direct — lab reference

Ask your clinician to review direct and indirect fractions together.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Bilirubin, total — lab reference

Fasting, Gilbert syndrome, hemolysis, and liver disease may alter result.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) — lab reference

Protein intake, hydration, catabolism, GI bleeding, and kidney function affect result.

Blood/hemoglobin, urine — lab reference

Ask your clinician to confirm with microscopy; exercise, menstruation, myoglobin, and hemolysis may interfere.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

BNP — lab reference

Age, kidney function, obesity, rhythm, and clinical setting affect interpretation.

BUN/creatinine ratio — lab reference

Calculated and context-dependent. Not a stand-alone diagnostic marker.

C-peptide, fasting — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with concurrent glucose, kidney function, and exogenous insulin use.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

C-reactive protein (standard CRP) — lab reference

The test method matters. Acute infection, injury, and chronic inflammation may elevate.

Calcium, ionized — lab reference

pH and specimen handling materially affect results.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Calcium, total — lab reference

Correct for albumin when appropriate or measure ionized calcium.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Carbon dioxide / bicarbonate — lab reference

Serum chemistry value. Do not substitute arterial blood-gas bicarbonate ranges.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Catalase activity — lab reference

The method can change the result; ask what clinical question the test is meant to answer and whether a repeat would help.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Ceruloplasmin — lab reference

Acute-phase reactant; interpret with serum/urine copper and clinical context.

Chloride — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with sodium, bicarbonate, and anion gap.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

CMA intracellular micronutrient panel — lab reference

Your CMA report uses its own testing method and categories. Ask what a category means for you; this page does not set a personal severity level or treatment target.

Coenzyme Q10 — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with lipid level, supplementation, and performing-lab interval.

Complement C3 — lab reference

Ask your clinician to use performing-lab range and trend with C4/CH50 and disease activity.

Complement C4 — lab reference

Ask your clinician to use performing-lab range and trend.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Copper, serum — lab reference

Estrogen, pregnancy, inflammation, liver function, and ceruloplasmin affect values.

Cortisol, serum, afternoon/evening — lab reference

Time-specific and assay-specific.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Cortisol, serum, morning — lab reference

Collect at a defined time. Assay-specific; dynamic testing may be required.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Creatine kinase (CK) — lab reference

Exercise, muscle mass, sex, race, trauma, injections, and statins affect values.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Creatinine — lab reference

Muscle mass, age, diet, medications, and assay matter. Ask your clinician to review with eGFR, not alone.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Cytokine panel — lab reference

Ask your clinician to define genes/analytes, specimen, assay, repeatability, and how results change management.

Cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α — lab reference

Sample handling and test methods can change a cytokine result. Compare it with the exact range from your lab and ask why the test was ordered.

D-dimer — lab reference

Age-adjusted and assay-specific diagnostic strategies may apply. Not a stand-alone thrombosis diagnosis.

DHEA-S — lab reference

M 18-30: 105-728; F 18-30: 83-377. Values decline substantially with age.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) — lab reference

Methods and units vary. Ask why DHT was measured and whether a target is relevant to your health question.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) — lab reference

Method-specific. Clarify its role in hair, prostate, androgen therapy, or enzyme questions.

eGFR, 2021 CKD-EPI — lab reference

G2 60-89; G3a 45-59; G3b 30-44; G4 15-29; G5 <15. G1/G2 alone do not establish CKD without kidney damage.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) — lab reference

Age, anemia, pregnancy, immunoglobulins, and technical factors affect result.

Erythropoietin — lab reference

Interpret relative to hemoglobin, oxygenation, and kidney function.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Estradiol — lab reference

Female cycle-phase detail is on the next section. LC-MS/MS is preferred at low concentrations.

Estradiol, follicular phase — lab reference

Ranges vary across the follicular phase and by assay.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Estradiol, luteal phase — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with cycle timing and ovulation status.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Estradiol, postmenopausal — lab reference

Method-dependent; LC-MS/MS is preferred at very low values.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Estrone — lab reference

Assay-specific, especially at low concentrations.

F2-isoprostanes — lab reference

Urine/plasma and mass-spec/immunoassay results are not interchangeable.

Fasting insulin — lab reference

No universal reference or treatment target. Standardize fasting duration and collection time.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Fasting plasma glucose — lab reference

Normal <100; prediabetes 100-125; diabetes ≥126 on confirmatory testing unless unequivocal hyperglycemia.

Ferritin — lab reference

Acute-phase reactant. Menstruation, menopause, inflammation, liver disease, and iron therapy matter.

Fibrinogen — lab reference

Fibrinogen plays a role in blood clotting and can also rise with inflammation. It may help to compare it with other clotting tests.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Fibrinogen — lab reference

Acute-phase reactant; functional and antigenic assays differ.

Folate, serum — lab reference

<4.0 suggests deficiency. Recent intake or supplementation may raise serum values.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with age, ovarian status, testosterone/estradiol, and pituitary context.

Free PSA / total PSA — lab reference

Often used when total PSA is in an indeterminate zone. Ask your clinician to use the performing-lab risk table.

Free T3 — lab reference

Useful in selected hyperthyroid states; not a sensitive stand-alone test for hypothyroidism.

Free T4 — lab reference

Binding abnormalities and severe illness may affect some free-hormone assays.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Fructosamine — lab reference

Assay-specific; reflects approximately 2-3 weeks and is affected by protein turnover.

FSH, follicular — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with estradiol, age, and cycle day.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

FSH, luteal — lab reference

The test method matters.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

FSH, midcycle — lab reference

The test method matters.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

FSH, postmenopausal — lab reference

Wide range; hormone therapy may suppress.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) — lab reference

Alcohol, medications, metabolic disease, and cholestasis may elevate.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Genetic variants / SNP findings — lab reference

Classify by evidence, zygosity, phenotype, and clinical actionability rather than a numeric range.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Globulin — lab reference

Often calculated. Ask your clinician to consider SPEP/IFE for unexplained abnormalities.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Glucose, urine — lab reference

Renal threshold, SGLT2 inhibitors, pregnancy, and hyperglycemia matter.

Growth hormone, random — lab reference

Pulsatile secretion makes random GH difficult to interpret; stimulation/suppression testing may be needed.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

GSH/GSSG ratio — lab reference

This ratio is useful only when both measurements were made using a reliable paired method.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Haptoglobin — lab reference

Acute-phase reactant; used in hemolysis evaluation with LDH, bilirubin, and reticulocytes.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

hCG, quantitative — lab reference

Ask your clinician to use exact assay cutoff and clinical indication.

hCG, quantitative, nonpregnant — lab reference

Pregnancy interpretation is gestational-age-specific; low-level positives require clinical follow-up.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

HDL cholesterol — lab reference

Higher HDL is not always protective; interpret within the entire risk profile.

Heavy metals, blood or urine — lab reference

Specimen choice, timing, recent seafood/supplements, provoked vs unprovoked collection, and public-health thresholds matter.

Hematocrit — lab reference

Hydration and altitude are major modifiers. Ask your clinician to review alongside hemoglobin and RBC indices.

Hemoglobin — lab reference

Ask your clinician to consider altitude and iron/B12/folate status. Pregnancy requires trimester-specific ranges.

Hemoglobin A1C — lab reference

Normal <5.7; prediabetes 5.7-6.4; diabetes ≥6.5. Altered RBC turnover can make A1C unreliable.

High-sensitivity CRP — lab reference

≥2 suggests higher cardiovascular risk; >10 may reflect acute inflammation and should generally be repeated when well.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

HOMA-IR — lab reference

Formula-dependent and population-dependent. Dr. Purser to define clinic interpretation, if used.

Homocysteine, total — lab reference

No universal wellness target. Ask your clinician to read this result with B12, folate, B6, kidney, thyroid, genetics, and medications.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Hyaline casts — lab reference

Small numbers may be nonspecific; other cast types require context.

IGF-1 — lab reference

Age, sex, nutrition, liver disease, diabetes, and assay matter.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) — lab reference

Age and assay-specific. Important when interpreting IgA-based celiac testing.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) — lab reference

Age and assay-specific. Ask your clinician to consider subclasses or electrophoresis when indicated.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) — lab reference

Age and assay-specific.

Inhibin B — lab reference

May assist selected fertility evaluations; not a routine wellness marker.

INR — lab reference

Normal range only. Warfarin therapeutic targets are indication-specific.

Iodine, urine — lab reference

Spot urine is useful mainly for populations; individual status requires careful collection and interpretation.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Ketones, urine — lab reference

Fasting, ketogenic diet, vomiting, and diabetes context matter.

Lactate, venous — lab reference

Collection method, tourniquet time, exercise, and timing affect result.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

LDH — lab reference

Broad tissue marker; hemolysis can cause false elevation.

LDL cholesterol — lab reference

Risk-based goals may be <100, <70, or <55 depending on primary/secondary prevention risk.

LDL particle number (LDL-P) — lab reference

Advanced lipoprotein testing. Ask your clinician to use the performing laboratory classification.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Leukocyte esterase — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with microscopy, symptoms, nitrite, and culture.

LH, follicular — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with cycle day and symptoms.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

LH, luteal — lab reference

The test method matters.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

LH, midcycle — lab reference

Surge timing produces a very wide range.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

LH, postmenopausal — lab reference

Hormone therapy may suppress.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Lipase — lab reference

Assay-specific; diagnostic thresholds for pancreatitis are separate.

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 — lab reference

Method, units, and cutoffs vary. Dr. Purser to decide whether to retain.

Lipoprotein(a) — lab reference

≥75 increased; ≥125 commonly treated as a risk-enhancing level. Units are not directly interchangeable with mg/dL.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with testosterone or estradiol, FSH, cycle phase, and pituitary context.

Lymphocytes — lab reference

Ask your clinician to review absolute count and clinical context.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Magnesium, RBC — lab reference

No universal interval across methods. Record exact performing-lab method and range.

Magnesium, serum — lab reference

Normal serum magnesium does not exclude tissue depletion.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) — lab reference

The test method matters. Ask your clinician to review with MCV and MCHC.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) — lab reference

Analyzer-specific; hemolysis and cold agglutinins may interfere.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) — lab reference

Macrocytosis and microcytosis require cause-specific interpretation.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Mean platelet volume (MPV) — lab reference

Highly analyzer- and handling-specific. Ask your clinician to consider trend rather than isolated value.

Methylmalonic acid — lab reference

More specific for cellular B12 deficiency; kidney impairment can elevate.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) — lab reference

Assay and indication-specific.

Neutrophils — lab reference

Relative percentage can mislead; review absolute count.

Nitrite — lab reference

A negative result does not exclude UTI.

Non-HDL cholesterol — lab reference

Risk-based goals may be lower; useful when triglycerides are elevated.

NT-proBNP — lab reference

The test method and the reason for testing affect which cutoff your clinician uses.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Omega-3 index / RBC fatty acids — lab reference

Method-specific. Any clinic target should identify the exact assay.

Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) — lab reference

The test method and how the sample is protected after collection can affect this number.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Oxidized LDL — lab reference

Ask your clinician to use exact laboratory interval. Clinical utility and treatment targets are not universally standardized.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Parathyroid hormone (intact PTH) — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and kidney function.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Phosphorus — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with kidney function, calcium, vitamin D, and PTH.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Plasma free metanephrines — lab reference

How you sit or lie down for the sample, and stress during collection, can affect this result. Use the cutoff from the lab that ran your test.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Platelet count — lab reference

Local analyzer range governs. Ask your clinician to review trends and collection artifacts.

Potassium — lab reference

Hemolysis can falsely elevate. Ask your clinician to review kidney function and acid-base status.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Prealbumin — lab reference

Negative acute-phase reactant; not a stand-alone nutrition marker.

Pregnenolone — lab reference

No broadly accepted wellness target. Ask your clinician to use exact assay and clinical indication.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Progesterone — lab reference

Female phase detail is on the next section. Exogenous progesterone route/timing matters.

Progesterone, follicular — lab reference

Cycle day and exogenous progesterone timing matter.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Progesterone, luteal — lab reference

Single values are pulse- and timing-sensitive; confirm the clinical question.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Progesterone, ovulatory window — lab reference

Wide physiologic variation.

Female Cycle, Menopause, and Ovarian Reserve Addendum

Progesterone, postmenopausal — lab reference

Exogenous hormone use changes interpretation.

Prolactin — lab reference

Stress, sleep, nipple stimulation, medications, pregnancy, and macroprolactin matter.

Protein, dipstick — lab reference

Dipstick is albumin-biased. Ask your clinician to confirm persistent findings with quantitative ratio.

Prothrombin time (PT) — lab reference

Reagent-specific. Ask your clinician to read this result with INR, liver function, vitamin K, and anticoagulants.

PSA, total — lab reference

No single normal cutoff fits every patient. Ask your clinician to use age, baseline, trend, prostate size, risk factors, and shared decision-making.

Random plasma glucose — lab reference

Diabetes may be diagnosed at ≥200 with classic symptoms or hyperglycemic crisis.

RBC, microscopy — lab reference

Persistent microscopic hematuria requires risk-based evaluation.

Red blood cell count (RBC) — lab reference

Altitude, smoking, hydration, androgen therapy, and pregnancy may shift values.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Red cell distribution width (RDW-CV) — lab reference

Useful with MCV for mixed nutrient deficiencies and evolving anemia.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) — lab reference

Ask your clinician to specify whole blood, RBC, plasma, or intracellular method. Preanalytic handling is critical.

Adrenal, Pituitary, and Calcium-Regulating Hormones

Renin / plasma renin activity — lab reference

Direct renin and plasma renin activity are not interchangeable.

Reticulocyte count — lab reference

If you have anemia, your clinician may compare this result with a corrected reticulocyte count or production index.

Reverse T3 — lab reference

No broadly accepted treatment target. Dr. Purser to define whether and how this is used.

Rheumatoid factor — lab reference

Assay-specific and nonspecific. Ask your clinician to read this result with symptoms and anti-CCP.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Selenium, serum — lab reference

Trace-metal collection and geographic/dietary context matter.

Serum iron — lab reference

Morning fasting collection is preferred when practical. Day-to-day variation is substantial.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Serum osmolality — lab reference

Measured and calculated values may differ. Ask your clinician to review osmolal gap when indicated.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) — lab reference

Estrogen, thyroid, liver disease, insulin resistance, age, and medications affect SHBG.

Sodium — lab reference

Volume status, glucose, osmolality, and medications may alter interpretation.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Soluble transferrin receptor — lab reference

Can help distinguish iron deficiency from inflammation; use performing-lab interval.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Specific gravity — lab reference

Hydration and concentrating ability affect result.

Superoxide dismutase activity — lab reference

RBC, plasma, and cellular assays are not interchangeable.

Testosterone, bioavailable — lab reference

Depends on total testosterone, SHBG, albumin, calculation, and assay.

Testosterone, free — lab reference

Mayo example age 20-24: M 5.25-20.7; F <0.13-1.08. Declines with age and is method-dependent.

Testosterone, total — lab reference

Morning collection preferred for men. Method and age matter; confirm unexpected low values.

Thrombin time — lab reference

Reagent-specific; affected by heparin, direct thrombin inhibitors, and fibrinogen abnormalities.

Thyroglobulin — lab reference

This is not a general thyroid wellness target. It may be used for follow-up after certain thyroid conditions, alongside thyroid anatomy and antibody results.

Thyroglobulin antibody (Tg Ab) — lab reference

The test method matters. Also affects thyroglobulin tumor-marker interpretation.

Specialty Wellness, Oxidative Stress, and Functional Testing

Thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO Ab) — lab reference

The test method matters. Positive result supports thyroid autoimmunity but does not determine treatment alone.

TMAO — lab reference

Diet, kidney function, microbiome, timing, and assay affect results.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Total cholesterol — lab reference

Screening measure, not a stand-alone treatment target.

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin.

Liver, Pancreas, Protein Status, and Muscle Enzymes

Total protein — lab reference

Ask your clinician to review albumin, globulin, and electrophoresis when indicated.

Total T3 — lab reference

Affected by binding proteins and nonthyroidal illness.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Total T4 — lab reference

Affected by thyroid-binding globulin, pregnancy, estrogen, and medications.

Transferrin — lab reference

Negative acute-phase reactant; affected by liver function and nutrition.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Transferrin saturation — lab reference

Calculated from iron and TIBC. Fasting and timing improve consistency.

Triglycerides — lab reference

150-199 borderline high; 200-499 high; ≥500 severe and pancreatitis-relevant.

TSH — lab reference

Adult interval. Pregnancy and pituitary disease require different interpretation.

Electrolytes, Renal Chemistry, and Core Metabolic Markers

TSI / TRAb — lab reference

Ask your clinician to use the exact assay cutoff. Helpful in selected Graves disease questions.

Uric acid — lab reference

A gout treatment target is not the same as the healthy-population interval.

Urine albumin/creatinine ratio — lab reference

A1 <30; A2 30-300; A3 >300. Persistence ≥3 months matters for CKD classification.

Urine appearance — lab reference

Color and clarity are nonspecific; review medications, hydration, and sediment.

Urine pH — lab reference

Diet, infection, medications, and specimen age affect result.

Urine protein/creatinine ratio — lab reference

Ask your clinician to use laboratory and indication-specific thresholds; consider timed collection when needed.

Vitamin A, retinol — lab reference

Fasting, liver function, inflammation, and carrier proteins matter.

Iron Status, Anemia Workup, and Methylation-Related Markers

Vitamin B1, whole blood TDP — lab reference

Fasting and supplement abstention improve interpretability.

Vitamin B12 — lab reference

<150 supports deficiency; 150-400 is often treated as borderline and may warrant MMA/homocysteine review.

Vitamin B6, plasma PLP — lab reference

Recent supplementation can elevate; very high values may be clinically relevant.

Vitamin C, plasma — lab reference

Highly preanalytic-sensitive. Fasting, processing, and recent intake matter.

Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol — lab reference

Interpret relative to lipids when appropriate; assay-specific.

VLDL cholesterol — lab reference

Often calculated. Less reliable when triglycerides are markedly elevated.

WBC, microscopy — lab reference

Ask your clinician to read this result with symptoms, culture, contamination, and other sediment findings.

White blood cell count (WBC) — lab reference

Your lab may use its own range. Symptoms, medicines, and the types of white blood cells also matter.