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A family of enzymes made by the body that convert superoxide into hydrogen peroxide.

Needed for nerve function, DNA production and healthy red blood cells.

Forms enzyme helpers used in energy metabolism.

Supports amino-acid metabolism, neurotransmitter production and hemoglobin synthesis.

Supports DNA synthesis and one-carbon metabolism, including the pathway that processes homocysteine.

ADIPOQ encodes adiponectin, a hormone released by fat tissue that participates in insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism. Its name often appears in discussions of triglycerides, body composition and metabolic health.

The genetic-architecture chapter explains that S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) donates methyl groups and becomes S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH).

Encodes diamine oxidase, an enzyme involved in breaking down histamine and other amines. DAO is used here as an enzyme nickname; it is also the official symbol of a different gene.

APOE encodes a protein that carries lipids between cells. The familiar APOE e2, e3 and e4 groupings depend on the combination of rs429358 and rs7412, not on either marker read in isolation.

ATG16L1 is involved in autophagy, a process that helps cells recycle parts.

BCO1, also called BCMO1, helps convert beta-carotene from plant foods into retinal, a form used in vitamin A metabolism. Plant carotenoids and preformed vitamin A therefore enter the pathway at different points.

BHMT helps recycle homocysteine into methionine using betaine. It is a different route from the folate and B12 pathway.