F5 encodes coagulation factor V. The well-characterized Factor V Leiden variant, rs6025, can make factor V less responsive to an anticoagulant control mechanism, increasing susceptibility to venous clots. It does not mean the body cannot make factor V.
F9 encodes coagulation factor IX. Disease-causing variants can result in hemophilia B, an inherited bleeding disorder, but a panel marker is not equivalent to a confirmed disease-causing finding.
GSTO2 encodes glutathione S-transferase omega 2, a redox enzyme with dehydroascorbate reductase activity that connects glutathione chemistry with vitamin C recycling. It is a separate gene from GSTO1.
HMGB1 normally has functions inside the cell nucleus. When released outside cells in particular settings, it can act as a damage-associated molecular pattern, or DAMP, participating in inflammatory signaling.
IFNG encodes interferon gamma, a cytokine involved in cellular immune defense and activation of macrophages. It differs from the Th2 signals more often emphasized in allergic responses.
IL10 encodes interleukin-10, a cytokine that can limit inflammatory responses and help prevent excessive immune-mediated tissue damage. Immune balance includes resolving a response as well as starting one.
IL12B encodes the p40 subunit shared by IL-12 and IL-23. This makes it an intersection between immune pathways rather than a stand-alone measure of one cytokine.
IL13 encodes interleukin-13, a cytokine involved in Th2 immune responses, mucus-related processes and tissue remodeling. It overlaps with some IL-4 functions but is not the same signal.
IL15 encodes a cytokine involved in the survival and activity of immune cells, including natural killer cells and memory CD8 T cells. Its receptor system includes IL15RA.
IL15RA encodes the alpha receptor component for IL-15. It helps present IL-15 to responding immune cells, supporting communication that is important for particular lymphocyte populations.
IL16 encodes interleukin-16, a cytokine involved in attracting and influencing immune cells, including CD4-expressing cells. Its recruitment role helps separate it from other numbered interleukins.
IL17A encodes interleukin-17A, a cytokine involved in defense at tissue barriers and inflammatory signaling. It belongs to the Th17 pathway, which is supported by signals including IL-23.
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